Modular construction is a process in which a building is constructed off-site, under controlled plant conditions, using the same materials and designing to the same codes and standards as conventionally built facilities – but in about half the time. Buildings are produced in “modules” that, when put together on site, reflect the identical design intent and specifications of the most sophisticated site-built facility – without compromise.

Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers. It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimise plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics. Some common choices of structures to house vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, tunnels and abandoned mine shafts.